For example, the expression of photosynthesis-related DEGs was repressed in the OsPIL11-OX and OsPIL16-OX lines, but was upregulated in the OsPIL11-SRDX and OsPIL16-SRDX lines (Figs. Considered together, our data indicate that OsPIL11 and OsPIL16 primarily function as transcriptional activators, at least in regards to promoting skotomorphogenesis and repressing the expression of photosynthesis-related genes. In contrast, the expression levels of these photosynthesis-related genes were down-regulated in dark-grown transgenic seedlings overexpressing OsPIL11 or OsPIL16, which had exaggerated skotomorphogenesis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the expression levels of genes related to photosynthesis, photosynthesis–antenna proteins, and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism were up-regulated in the dark-grown OsPIL11-SRDX and OsPIL16-SRDX lines, whereas the expression of genes related to the auxin pathway was down-regulated. The results of an RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the dark-grown OsPIL11-SRDX and OsPIL16-SRDX lines had gene expression patterns similar to those of wild-type seedlings grown under red light. The OsPIL11-SRDX and OsPIL16-SRDX seedlings grown in darkness had constitutively photomorphogenic phenotypes with short coleoptiles and open leaf blades. In the present study, to explore the functions of PILs in rice skotomorphogenesis, we generated OsPIL11-SRDX and OsPIL16-SRDX transgenic lines by fusing the SRDX transcriptional repressor motif to the C-terminal of two members of the phytochrome interacting factor-like (OsPIL) family in rice (OsPIL11 and OsPIL16). It has been reported that SRDX motif, LDLDLELRLGFA, was able to convert a transcriptional activator into a strong repressor. Because of the development of rice direct seeding cultivation systems, there is an increasing need for clarifying the molecular mechanism underlying rice skotomorphogenic development. The hierarchal model described here for Vaccinium may also occur in a wider group of plants as a means to co-regulate different branches of the flavonoid pathway.Äark-grown seedlings develop skotomorphogenesis. In contrast, VmMYBA1 is well expressed in bilberry flesh, up-regulating VmMYBPA1.1, allowing coordinated regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis genes and anthocyanin accumulation. Our findings suggest that the lack of VcMYBA1 expression in blueberry flesh results in an absence of VcMYBPA1.1 expression, which are both required for anthocyanin regulation. The MYBPA1.1 promoter is directly activated by MYBA1 and MYBPA2 proteins, which regulate anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, respectively. MYBPA1.1 was unable to induce anthocyanin or proanthocyanidin accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana, but activated promoters of flavonoid biosynthesis genes. MYBPA1.1 had a biphasic expression profile, correlating with both proanthocyanidin biosynthesis early during fruit development and anthocyanin biosynthesis during berry ripening. Comparative transcriptomics between blueberry and bilberry revealed that MYBPA1.1 and MYBA1 strongly correlated with the presence of anthocyanins, but were absent or weakly expressed in blueberry flesh. corymbosum) has white flesh, while bilberry (V. Members of the Vaccinium genus bear fruits rich in anthocyanins, a class of red-purple flavonoid pigments that provide human health benefits, although the localization and concentrations of anthocyanins differ between species: blueberry (V. Thus, it should be useful not only for the rapid analysis of the functions of redundant plant transcription factors but also for the manipulation of plant traits via the suppression of gene expression that is regulated by specific transcription factors. This chimeric repressor silencing technology (CRES-T), exploiting the EAR-motif repression domain, is simple and effective and can overcome genetic redundancy. Chimeric EIN3, CUC1, PAP1, and AtMYB23 repressors that included the EAR motif dominantly suppressed the expression of their target genes and caused insensitivity to ethylene, cup-shaped cotyledons, reduction in the accumulation of anthocyanin, and absence of trichomes, respectively. We show here that four different transcription factors fused to the EAR motif, a repression domain of only 12 amino acids, act as dominant repressors in transgenic Arabidopsis and suppress the expression of specific target genes, even in the presence of the redundant transcription factors, with resultant dominant loss-of-function phenotypes. ![]() The redundancy of genes for plant transcription factors often interferes with efforts to identify the biologic functions of such factors.
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